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第 12单元 动词4
第12单元 动词(4)
D.助动词
1.概述
a.助动词的某些特点
899 英语中有12个助动词(Auxiliary Verbs).它们是 do(did),shall(should),will(would),may(might),can(could),must (had to),need,dare(dared),ought to,used to(use to),have(has,had),be(is,am,are,was,were,being,been).它们有些共同的特点。
900 主要动词有时可以独立使用,不需要加助动词,如:He knows it.He saw Mary.而助动词却必须和一个主要动词一起使用,如:He must come.He can go.You may try it.有时和它一起使用的主要动词可以省略,如:John cannot cook,but Mary can(cook).Do you see it? No,I don’t(see it).一个句子或分句的谓语必须包含一个主要动词,但也只能包含一个这样的动词,而助动词却可以多达3个:
He came. They all understand it.(不含助动词)
He will go. John must see the doctor.(包含一个助动词)
He will be leaving. I have been waiting.(包含两个助动词)
It may be being examined. They will have been defeated by next year.(包含 3个助动词)
901 有6个助词 can,may,must,ought to,need(not)和 dare(not)可与12种时态结合,如 can go,may be going,must have gone,could go,ought to go.(可参阅 690节)带有这些助动词的时态形式和不带它们的形式,意思上是有差别的。
下面例句大致表明了它们间的差别:
12种时态形式 包含这些助动词的相关时态形式
He writes it.(任何时间都可发生的事实) He must(or may,etc.) write it.(在任何时间都可能发生的潜在可能性)
He is writing it.(现在事实) He must(or may,etc.) be writing it.(对现刻情况的揣想)
He has written it.(过去情况对现状的影响) He must( or may,etc.) have written it.(对过去情况的揣想)
He has been writing it. He must(or may,etc.)
(从过继续到现在的情况) have been writing it.(对于从过去到现在情况的揣想)
He wrote it.(过去事实) He had to(or might,etc.)
write it.(过去的潜在可能性)
He was writing it.(过去事实) He must(or might,etc.)be writing it.(对过去事实的揣想)
He had written it.(过去某时之前的过去情况) He had to(or might,etc.) have written it.(对过去情况的揣想)
He had been writing it.(少见) He had to( or might,etc.) have been writing it.(少见)
He will write it. He will be able to(不能说 will can or can will) write it.
He will be allowed to(不能说will may or may will)write it.
He will have to (不能说 willmust,or must will)write it.
He will be bound in duty to(不能说 will ought to or ought to will) write it
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