LoveisaFallacy谬论.ppt

Love is a Fallacy What is a fallacy? A fallacy is the use of poor, or invalid reasoning for the construction of an argument. It is also used to refer to an argument which appears to be correct but is not. An argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion. An argument has two components: a conclusion and certain premises. The conclusion is said to be drawn or inferred from the premises. An argument is deductively valid when its premises provide evidence for the conclusion. An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid, it is said to be fallacious. Argument Logic Fallacies 1. Dicto Simpliciter（绝对判断） 2. Hasty Generalization（轻率归纳） 3. Post Hoc（错误因果） 4. Contradictory Premises（矛盾前提） 1. Dicto Simpliciter Polly, I said gently, the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see? 1. Dicto Simpliciter （绝对判断） Dicto Simpliciter is an argument based on an unqualified generalization. The argument applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances make the rule inapplicable. Examples Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women cant pull their weight in government work. 虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。 Japanese waged a war to Chinese, which had nothing to do with humanity but everything to do with aggression. Therefore every Japanese is guilty and should be condemned. 虽然日本侵华的邪恶战争任历历在目，但并不是所有的日本人都有罪，都应该受到谴责。 2. Hasty Generalization Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You cant speak French. Petey Burch cant speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the Universit