曼昆-微观经济学-第四章-供给与需求的经济力量精要.ppt

供给与需求的市场力量 * 结论：价格如何配置资源 第一章中讨论的经济学十大原理之一是: 市场通常是一种组织经济活动的好方法 在市场经济中，价格调整使供给与需求相等。这些均衡价格是引导经济决策，从而配置稀缺资源的信号 内容提要 在竞争性市场上，有许多买者与卖者，他们每个人对市场价格影响很小，甚至没有影响 经济学家使用供给与需求模型来分析竞争市场 根据需求定理，随着一种物品价格下降，需求量增加。向右下方倾斜的需求曲线反应了需求定理 * 内容提要 除了价格之外，决定消费者想购买多少物品的其他因素包括收入，替代品和互补品的价格，嗜好和买者的数量。如果这些因素中的一种改变了，需求曲线就会移动 根据供给定理，随着一种物品价格上升，供给量增加。向右上方倾斜的供给曲线反应了供给定理 除了价格之外，决定生产者想出售多少物品的其他因素包括投入品价格，技术，预期和卖者的数量。如果这些因素中的一种改变了，供给曲线就会移动 * 内容提要 供给曲线与需求曲线相交决定了市场均衡。当价格为均衡价格时，需求量等于供给量 当市场价格高于均衡价格时，存在物品的过剩，引起市场价格下降。当市场价格低于均衡价格时，存在物品的短缺，引起市场价格上升 * 内容提要 为了分析某个事件如何影响一个市场，我们用供求图来考察该事件对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。我们遵循三个步骤进行：第一，确定该事件是使供给曲线移动，还是使需求曲线移动（还是使两者都移动）。第二，确定曲线移动的方向。第三，比较新均衡与原来的均衡 在市场经济中，价格是引导经济决策，从而配置稀缺资源的信号 * This is perhaps the most important chapter in the textbook. It’s worth mentioning to your students that investing extra time to master this chapter will make it easier for them to learn much of the subsequent material in the book. This is also one of the longest chapters in the textbook, and this PowerPoint file is one of the most graph-intensive. Many students taking economics for the first time have difficulty grasping the graphs, which are critically important in this and all subsequent chapters in the book. So an extra degree of hand-holding might be appropriate. Accordingly, this PowerPoint has carefully detailed animations that build many of the graphs with great care. For example, we show a demand or supply schedule next to the axes, and highlight each coordinate pair in the table as the corresponding point appears on the graph. Please be assured that the presentation of graphs is more streamlined in subsequent chapters. In this early chapter, though, we do not want to leave any students behind. If your students are already very comfortable with scatter-type graphs, you may wish to simplify or turn off the animation on these slides, in order to get through them faster. * In the real world, there are relatively few perfectly competitive markets. Most goods come in lots of different v