2009年北京师范大学考博英语试题.doc

呃 我是中午在宏图书店 翻那本北大真题发现的呢??没有电子版呢3 J% j! N0 ?9 q文章 问题 答案顺序全部一致呢 呜呜学校还真是偷懒呀5 k( f7 h3 N; ^8 G! S我大概记得4 G. m* e8 ~ |. X% @ |: c- y惩罚制度那个是01??m6 ~* C# W* k1 @, J吸烟是05年6 ^( ]1 O4 I/ T, m X祖父故事是078 X8 U N6 n/ {9 J* R8 a研究方法是06年/ Z# a k- D P; x: ]1 e 考博英语阅读理解试题一篇师大2009（北大2007年） Passage Three f, O, F) U, w6 o+ T7 ^, P8 N* S) h5 I) v% mFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional., j9 G! c8 v; Z% {8 w* xA longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.7 d3 `. }/ i, N* ]0 F/ w) LThe longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.: v- A5 E! v4 H7 R+ SA cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of dif