语言学第四章chapter4技术总结.ppt

河南大学外语学院 马应聪 英汉翻译（一）：教学大纲  Chapter 4 Syntax  outline 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach 4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar 4.1 Introduction Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words. Difference between morphology and syntax Morphology: the internal structure of words Syntax: the combination of words Syntactic rules (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter. (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up. (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences. 4.2 Word Classes Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things. Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases. Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate re