社会语言学五〔2013.10〕.pptVIP

Part 5 Bilinguals and Bilingualism研究语言社会化、双语者的语言能力和双语现象，探讨了语码转换和语码混用现象 Language socialization Children acquire language and social skills together. From an early age, children learn that there is more than one variety of language. 语言社会化 (Language Socialization)研究是近 年来兴起的一个多学科交叉领域 ,涉及语言学、 社会学、人类学和心理学等多门学科。语言社会 化理论着眼于学习者语言能力的发展与社会文化 环境的交互作用关系 ,认为语言学习过程就是学 习者个体的社会化过程。该理论从语言、文化、 社会三者相互联系的社会语言学观点出发 ,就语 言习得和语言能力发展做出了独特的解释 ,对第 二语言教学也不乏启示和指导意义。 根据人类学研究者 Schieffelin Ochs (1986)所 下的定义 ,语言社会化就是指儿童或初学者通过 语言形式的学习实现社会化的过程 ,并接受相应 的价值观、行为方式和社会习俗。语言社会化概 念承袭了早期人类学家 Sapir(1921)和 Whorf(1956)等人对语言和文化关系的论述 , 认为儿童在获得语言的同时亦形成了自己观察世 界的视角. Baby Talk ①儿语，婴儿牙牙学语之声②（成人对婴儿说话时）故意模仿儿语的说话 Also motherese, mother talk, caretaker speech; The simple speech used by mothers, fathers, babysitters, etc, when they talk to young children who are learning to talk. Easy for the children to understand Features of Baby Talk Shorter utterances than speech to other adults; Grammatically simple utterance; Few abstract or difficult words, with a lot of repetition; Clear pronunciation, sometimes with exaggerated intonation; There are a vast set of social rules about language that children must acquire to be successfully socialized; Two rules should be successfully socialized:  1 conversational organization (knowing when to speak and when to silent, how to enter a conversation…) 2 pragmatic rules A question may not be a real question. On the phone, when the little boy was asked “is your mother in?”, he answered “Yes.” (he should get his mother to answer the phone directly.) The description of bilingualism 双语 more than 6,000 languages spoken only about 25% of all the countries are found to speak two official languages and only in a handful of countries speak more than two languages two factors in defining bilingualism: 1 identifying language from dialect; 2 the way language is used; Bilingualism a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are us