翻译理论和实践11.ppt

汉译英对策（3） 汉语的基本句型及其翻译 一、主谓单句 1.防止主语的机械对应 (1)汉语主语可由任何语言单位担任，英语主语只能是名词、代词、不定式、动名词短语和分句 (2)汉语的主语角度变化较少，而英语则变化较多，汉译英时应发挥英语组句优势，根据语境要求译出合适的英语主语。 [例1]珠海近几年来发生了巨变。 [译文1]Zhuhai crackles with the dynamics of changes these years. [译文2]These years have witnessed great changes in Zhuhai. [译文3]There have been great changes in Zhuhai these years. [译文4]Great changes have taken place in Zhuhai these years. [例2]这个地区多雨 [译文1]It rains a lot in this area. [译文2]People have much rain in this area. [译文3]This area sees much rain. [译文4]There is much rain in this area. (3)有些汉语句子常把方位词或者时间词放在句首作主语，译成英语时往往采用”there be”结构 [例1]墙上挂着一幅世界地图。 [译文]There hangs a map of the world. [例2]很久以前有一位老渔夫。 [译文]Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman. (4)汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语时，译成英语往往用”it”作主语 [例1]学法语比学希腊语容易多了。 [译文]It is much easier to learn French than learn Greek. [例2]事情会变成这个样子真是可惜。 [译文]It is a thousand pities that it should have come to this. 2.翻译汉语句子的非动词谓语时，必须补充动词 3.防止谓语的机械对应 [例1] 他说日语 He speaks Japanese. 他说他要去看电影 He said he was going to see a film. 他说谎 He told a lie. 他说不出来 He is unable to express it. 他说的多做的少 He talks much but does little. 他背后说你坏话 He backbites you. [例2] 现在农民都搞副业生产 Now most farmers engage in sideline production. 他是搞法律的 He is in the law. 他们搞出了一项计划 They have drawn up a plan. 这事把人搞糊涂了 This made people confused. 你把事情搞糟了 You have made a mess of things. 我们搞一点核武器完全是为了自卫 It is purely for self-defense that we have produced some nuclear weapons. 你搞什么鬼？ What tricks are you playing? 4.要译出汉语谓语动词隐藏的时态、情态和语态 [例1]到本世界末时中国会繁荣起来。 [译文]By the end of the century China will have become prosperous. [例2]街道两旁都种了树。 [译文]The streets are lined with trees. [例3]他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。 [译文]He thought it might be wise to try his luck there. [例4]明天晚上八点钟你们干什么？ [译文]What will you be doing at eight tomorrow evening? 二、无主句 1.和英语一样，汉语的祈使句不出现主语，这种情况可以照译。 [例1]请打开书本。 [译文]Open your books, please. [例2]您的票！ [译文]Your ticket please! 2.汉语中含有号召、要求、规定等意味的无主句，有时可译成祈使句，有时则应补充主语。 [例1]为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！ [译文]Strive to build a great socialist country! [例2