A-LEVEL化学汇总.pdf

AS(1) 同学化学整理 Basic Initiation step, propagation step, termination step An electrophile is an acceptor of a pair of electron. A nucleophile is a donator of a pair of electron. 各个反应类型举例: Addition: C H +Br ==== C H Br 2 4 2 2 4 2 CH CH +H O (steam) ==== C H OH (conc. H PO ) 2 2 2 2 5 3 4 Substitution: CH +Cl ==== CH Cl+HCl (UV light) 4 2 3 (Br2 也可以,且条件相同) Hydrolysis: C H Br+H O ==== C H OH+HBr 2 5 2 2 5 Oxidation: C H OH+ [O] ==== CH CHO+H O (acidify K Cr O ) 2 5 3 2 2 2 7 C H OH +2 [O] ==== CH COOH+H O (reflux) 2 5 3 2 Reduction: CH CHO+ 2[H]===CH CH2OH(NaBH4/ H2) 3 3 AlKENE Addition of alkenes: CH =CH +H ====CH CH (Ni catalyst) (electrophilic addition) 2 2 2 3 3 用于亲电加成的亲电试剂有HX, X2,H2,H2O Mechanism of electrophilic addition 书上P223 分为极性分子的和非极性分子的!!! Oxidation of alkenes: 1. Cold dilute acidified Mn (+7) solution CH =CH +H O+ [O] ====CH (OH)-CH (OH) 2 2 2 2 2 2. Hot, concentrated Mn (+7) solution (CH ) C=CH +4 [O] ==== (CH ) C=O+CO +H O 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 H C=CH ====CO +CO 2 2 2 2 RHC=CHR ====RCHO+RCHO====RCOOH+RCOOH 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 R R C=CR R ====R R C=O+R R C=O Halogenoalkanes: - - Nucleophilic substitution: CH CH Br+OH ====CH CH OH+Br (reflux) 3 2 3 2