初中英语语法名词篇(学生版,不含答案)要点.docx

初中中考英语语法（名词篇）语法总述：词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, ball, class, orange, clock,合成名词：8-year-olds, groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail, 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, far, 合成形容词：8-year-old, hard-working, 4、数词(num.)：表示数量或事物的顺序。基数词：one, two, three, hundred,序数词：first, second, third, 量词：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of,six pairs of,5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。系词：am, is,are,半系词：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay, taste, smell, turn, 实意动词：have, see , think, beat, walk,助动词：辅助动词构成否定、疑问等语气，辅助东西构成时态语态等。如：be,do,does,did,will,can,should,may,6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really,7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短语介词：next to, in front of, at the age of,9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, 10、感叹词(interj..):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello2、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。名词篇：名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：专有名词普通名词国名,地名,人名,团体,机构名称可数名词