简明语言学选编.docx

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? 什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究) Process of linguistic study: ① Certain linguistic factsData and theory stand in a dialectical complementation. A theory without the support of date can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. are observed, generalization are formed； 观察现象后总结 ② Hypotheses are formulated; 提出假说 ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; 通过观察考证假说 ④ A linguistic theory is constructed. 构建出语言学理论 [B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics(1-6) : the study of language as a whole从整体研究 1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning) 3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words) 4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences) 5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning （应用语言学：使用语言学理论进行语言教学和学习） Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. DescriptiveModern linguistics is mostly descriptive 规定性与描写性 (