土木工程概论（英文版）Chapter 1 Introduction.ppt

土木工程概论Introduction to Civil Engineering 第一章　绪论 Chapter 1 Introduction Case studies: Pisa lean tower Pisa lean tower: The tower of Pisa was constructed in three phases. Four floors were built over a 5 years period from 1173 to 1178. Following an almost 100 year hiatus, three additional floors were constructed between 1272 and 1278. The third construction phase occurred more than 80 years later between 1360 and 1370 when the bell tower was added. Pisa lean tower: The records indicate that during construction, the tower appeared to move sufficiently so that the builders used obliquely cut stones in an effort to maintain the floors of each successive story approximately horizontal. It showed that at the end of the first construction of the tower had begun to lean towards the Northwest. During the second the third phases, the angle of inclination increased and the principal direction of tilt shifted first to the Northwest and then to the South. Case Studies: Pisa lean tower: Pisa lean tower: Currently the tower which is about 60 m tall, 20 m in diameter and weight 145 MN (14 500 tons), is inclined at almost 5.5 degrees to the South or about 6 m out of plumb. The failure of the Tower of Pisa is without doubt unique for a number of reasons ranging from the fact that it is a failure that has been occurring essentially on a continuous basis for more than 800 years. Pisa lean tower: The extensive investigations and analyses conduced over the past 60 years, there is still no consensus on the cause of failure. Structural Mechanics rescued the Tower of Pisa. After 8 centuries, the condition of the tower has been improved in a controlled fashion. Introduction to Civil Engineering Pisa lean tower: Introduction to Civil Engineering Pisa lean tower: Review Questions What is Civil Engineering? What are the major divisions of Civil Engineering? What are the functions of Civil Engineering profession? Cite examples What did you