思维和语言.pptVIP

Language New language learning gets harder with age 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39 Percentage correct on grammar test Age at school Language Linguistic Determinism Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think Language The interplay of thought and language Animal Thinking and Language The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun Direction of nectar source Animal Thinking and Language Gestured Communication Animal Thinking and Language Is this really language? Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY  Chapter 10 Thinking and Language Thinking Cognition mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study these mental activities concept formation problem solving decision making judgment formation Thinking Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people Prototype mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) Thinking Algorithm methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrasts with the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics Thinking Heuristic simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier than algorithms more error-prone than algorithms Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics? Thinking Insight sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem contrasts with strategy-based solutions Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions Fixation inability to see a problem from a new perspective impediment to problem solving The Matchstick Problem How would you arrange six m