argu谬误模板.doc

谬误 1.错误类比(时间也可以：几年前与现在.貌似整体推局部或者局部推整体也可以) The author relies primarily on an analogy between A and B, but he unfairly assume that what is efficient/will work out in A would ensure the similar result in B without providing any evidence that（类比：…are similar in ways that are relevant to the argument/时间：all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged）. Even assuming …. are generally the same , a variety of other factors might influence the result. It is entirely possible that…..;or perhaps …..In short, without accounting for possible differences between A and B, this argument remains untenable. 2.定义不清 Even assuming …. , it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader conclusion that……,at least without an clear definition of “…”. If by “….” the author simply means ….. , then the claim would be fair; otherwise, it would not. Lacking such a agreed-upon definition of this term, the author cannot convince me that …… 3.再写一个整体和局部单独的吧 The author’s contention based on the assumption that the nationwide trend that ….reflect ….., however, it does not necessarily apply to …and the author provides no evidence that this is the case. To the extent that 相反的情景 the author’s argument would be undermined. Thus, without any information that….. the author’s conclusion remains dubious at best. 4.因果不成立 Even if ……, the argument rests on the further assumption that … will suffice to cause the…. Yet the author has not adequately shown it. It is entirely possible that …. Since the author fails to account for this alternative explanation for … , the author cannot convince me that ….. 5.时间关系与因果 The author observes a correlation between A and B, then make an assumption that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the author fails to rule out other possible explanations for B. For example, ….. Any of these factors, or other …. factors, might be the cause of B. Without ruling out all other such scenarios it is unsubstantiated to establish such a cause-ef