国外人类记忆课件PM12.ppt

* * * * Prospective Memory ??Remembering to complete a task in the future ??Examples: ? remembering to tell your roommate about a cool movie you saw ??remembering to go to the store to buy food ? remembering to come to class today by 2 pm PM task for you: Put up one finger if you hear me say “attention” Prospective Memory PM vs. retrospective memory ? self-initiated retrieval mode vs. researcher-initiated retrieval mode ??retrieval mode based on cue or time (remember that) ? retrospective component to PM (remember what) Prospective Memory How is PM studied? ? Ongoing task – models everyday tasks ??PM task given with ongoing task to perform at set time or when encounter cue ? Event-based vs. Time-based tasks ? Press “p” key when see the word “turtle” ? Press “p” key in 5 minutes Prospective Memory How is PM studied? ? Tasks can be lab-based or naturalistic ??lab-based = cognitive + PM task on computer ??naturalistic = PM task in everyday life ? remember to call researcher when see test text or at 5 pm on Thurs ? use of reminders Prospective Memory Theories of PM – Event-based tasks ? How much does PM task tax cognitive resources? (1) PAM View - Preparatory Attention always needed (2) MP View - Multiple Processes can be used Prospective Memory PAM View: - resources always taken from ongoing task - people monitor environment for PM cues - can be seen in slower ongoing task performance or lower accuracy when PM task given Prospective Memory (2) MP View: - default is to use automatic processes to spontaneously retrieve PM intention when cue is presented - only when PM task is difficult or important use cognitive resources to monitor for cues - will see no change in ongoing task performance with easy PM tasks Prospective Memory When is PM task easy? (Einstein McDaniel, 2005) ? Focal task – process relevant features of PM cue when doing ongoing task - lexical decision with specific word PM cue - Count vowels with rep