英语语言学linguistics 第一章chapter1 导论introduction.pdfVIP

导论 Introduction 赵文 Ivan What is Linguistics? What is language? • Definition • Definition • Development • Design features • Scope • Functions • Important Disctinctions What is language? • Definition • Design features • Functions ? What is Language Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. （P. 7) Systematic系统 rule-governed, elements of language are combined according to rules （P. 7), 语言是一个体系 ，受规则制约 e.g. *bkli, *Been he wounded has. Arbitrary任意 no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for （P. 8), 语言符号与其所表示的意义间无必然的逻辑关系 e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with. Why pen or 笔 then? Symbolic符号/象征 words are associated with obj ects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention （P. 8), 符号意义约定俗称 “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” — Shakespeare “观音”曾叫 “观世音” Vocal有声 the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form (P. 8) 本质上是个有声体系 Human-specific人类的 different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries (P. 8) 语言是人类的特有属性 正如伯兰特·罗素 （Bertrand Russell ）曾经说过的那样 ： “不管一只狗可以多么流利地吠叫 ，它无法告诉你它的父 母贫穷但又诚实。” “侬今葬花人笑痴 他年葬侬知是谁” Why we communicate? Communication交际 不仅指人与人的思想交流 ，也包括感情交流等 ，包括交际 者通过语言相互影响 思想交流 ？感情交流 ？一定是在相互影响 ! Design Features Design features of language语言识别特征 the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication (P. 8) Design Features of Language • Arbitrariness • Productivity/Creativi