举例、列举、分类.ppt

例证法/举例法 举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此， 举例法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。这种方法是说明文、论说文的常用手段，也是大学英语四、六级考试作文中最常用的方法。它主要是通过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章显得言之有物，具有说服力。例如 It Pays to Be Honest (2003.1 CET-4 CET-6 ) 一文第2段 ??? ???? However, there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means. For example, many students copy the papers written by others or cheat at examinations in order to get higher marks. The same thing may be said of some producers who try to get rich by making fake and poor products. Those people may succeed for a time, but sooner or later, they will get nothing but troubles. 其中信号词 For example 和 The same thing may be said of? 提示本段举了两个例子(学生和生产商)来说明主题句 there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means。 例证/举例 Woman can work as well as man in many fields. For example, many female scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure in society and in family. 上述“主题句”指出，妇女在许多领域可以做得跟男人一样好。要论证这一观点，最有说服力的方法就是选取典型例证。本段选择了女科学家作为典型代表，而且进一步指出，她们取得与男科学家同样的成就是要付出更大的代价的。 例证法也是运用客观事实、统计数字、实验结果、图表照片等作论据证明论点的一种论证方法。“事实胜于雄辩”，所以，例证法很自然地成为最主要的论证方法之一。例证法属归纳推理的逻辑推理过程。具体地说，它通过对一些个别事例的分析和研究，归纳它们的共同属性，综合它们的共同本质和规律，从而得出一个带有普遍性的结论。尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。 请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。例文如下： The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 吸烟的弊端 There is little doubt that sm