扬大语言学期末复习资料.doc

题型： 选择题 30% 30*1填空题 15% 10*1.5解释 20% 5*4简答题 10% 5*2 论述题 25% 10+15 Descriptive linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.描写语言学 Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.规定语言学 Synchronic linguistics studies a language at some point of time in history.共时语言学 Diachronic linguistics describes a language as it changes through time.历时语言学 Langue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.语言 Parole is the realization of langue in actual use.言语 Derivational morphemes—when they are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is derived.派生词素 Inflectional morphemes are morphemes which do not add any lexical meaning, but which represent the concept of tense and aspect.屈折词素 Polysemy one word with more than one meaning.一词多义 hyponymy Synonymy ( kinds)同义关系 Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Absolute synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, that is, both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. (composition/compounding复合构词法）Relative synonyms are words which are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.（alter, change Antonymy (different kinds) --- Words which are opposite in meaning.反义关系 Relational antonyms: huaband,wife; teacher,student Homonymy (3 kinds) 同音同形异义关系 Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. (same sound, same spelling, but different words) Context includes: background knowledge (knowledge of the world; knowledge specific to the situation of communication. Knowledge of the language used. 语境，上下文 A locutionary act is the act of saying something; it is an act of conveying literal meaning.言内行为 An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.言外行为 A