生物学导论biology15.ppt

Habitat destroy Communities with a wide variety of organisms that show a high level of interaction are more resistant. More complex an ecosystem is, the more likely it is to recover after being disturbed Some species are more resistant to human activity than others. Some may be encouraged by human activity Pesticide use DDT: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 二氯化联苯三氯乙烯 A poison used to kill a variety of insects, insecticide, pesticide New situation: Many species of insects developed a resistance to it The effects of pesticides on valuable nontarget organisms More enlightened approach to control pest Integrated pest management 害虫的综合防治 Biomagnification Summary Community, Habitat, and Niche Kinds of Organism Interaction: Predation, Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism, Competition The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems Impact of Human Actions on Communities Chap 15 Community Interactions Contents 15.1 Community, Habitat, and Niche 15.2 Kinds of Organism Interaction 15.3 The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems 15.4 The Impact of Human Actions on Communities Key terms Biomagnification 生物放大作用 Commensalism 共栖 Competition 竞争 Epiphyte 附生 External parasite 外部寄生 Internal parasite 内部寄生 Habitat 栖息地 Host 宿主 Insecticide 杀虫剂 Mutualism 互利共生 Niche 生态位 Predator 捕食者 Parasitism 寄生 Symbiosis 共生 Transpiration 蒸腾作用 Vector 带菌者 Pesticide 杀虫剂 15.1 Community, Habitat, and Niche Two major ways From the broad ecosystem point of view, look at general relationships among communities Study the ecological relationships of certain species of organisms Habitat (栖息地): the kind of place, or part of an ecosystem, occupied by an organism Niche (生态位): the specific functional role of an organism某一生物单元在生态系统中的功能地位 Niche of an earthworm Opossum with broad niche Koala with narrow niche Complete description of niche: Involves detailed inventory of influences, activities, and impacts Involves what the organism does and what is done to the organism 15.2 Kinds of organism interactions Predati