Chap.2.3英汉语言区别特征(简).pptVIP

Chap. 2.3 English vs. Chinese: Ten pairs of Features 中英文语法上有哪些区别？ 2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analytic 综合语与分析语 [要点] 综合语运用形态变化来表达语法关系；分析语用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。 A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms(词形变化) to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words(虚词), auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations. Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional Inflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences. Inflected endings: nouns, pronouns, verbs Bus—buses he—his/ him move—moved Different grammatical meanings: parts of speech, gender, number, case, person, tense, voice, mood, non-finite verbs, etc. 1 He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishingly rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movement astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved was astonishing. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (Jespersen 1924) 他行动迅速，令人吃惊。 word order: flexible vs. inflexible The inflection of a language has much to do with the position of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word order. Hence word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese. inversion (1) interrogative inversion 疑问倒装 What in the world do you mean? (2) imperative inversion 命令倒装 Come you! (3) exclamatory inversion 惊叹倒装 What a beautiful voice you have! (4) hypothetical inversion 假设倒装 A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. (5) balance inversion 平衡倒装 Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that she had disappeared. (6) link inversion 衔接倒装 Such are the rewards that alw