Chap_2 Measuring National Income.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * GDP and Its Components in China（1978－2011） GDP and Its Components (1998) Net Exports -2 % GDP and Its Components (1998) Consumption 68 % Investment 16% Government Purchases 18% Income approach ——又称成本流动法或要素支付法，是从收入的角度计算国民生产总值的，即把生产过程中各种生产要素所得到的收入先加总计算出国民收入，然后，在此基础上加以调整来求出国民生产总值。 一般地，按收入法统计的GDP构成应为： GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税 和企业转移支付+折旧 fundamental formulaof national income 1. Two-sector economy ? two-sector economy Household Firm 总支出即总需求：AD ( E ) = C+I 总收入即总供给：AS ( Y ) = C+S ? AD=AS 即：C+I = C+S I = S 储蓄-投资恒等式 The Circular Flow Model 要素收入 Y（AS）= GDP 消费支出 E（AD）= GDP 储蓄 投资 Households Firms Financial market ? Three-sector economy Household Firm Government 总需求即总支出：AD ( E ) = C+I +G 总供给即总收入：AS ( Y ) = C+S+T ? AD=AS 即： I = S + ( T- G ) 2. Three-sector economy 或： S - I = (G - T) The Circular Flow Model 要素收入 Y（AS）= GDP 消费支出 E（AD）= GDP 储 蓄 投 资 Households Firms Financial market Government 政府购买与 转移支付 税 金 税 金 政府购买与 转移支付 ? Four-sector economy Household Firm Government Foreign 总需求即总支出：AD ( E ) = C+I+G+ (X - M) 总供给即总收入：AS ( Y ) = C+S+T+ Kr ? AD=AS 即： I = S+ (T- G)+( M - X + Kr) 3. Four-sector economy 或： S - I= (G - T) + ( X - M - Kr) ( NX - Kr ) The Circular Flow Model 政府购买（进口） 关 税 工资、利息、地租、利润的支付 居民的消费支出 出 口 进 口 转移支付 税 金 政府购买 税 金 Domestic enterprises Households Government Foreign enterprises Real versus Nominal GDP Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices. Real versus Nominal GDP An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator. GDP Deflator The GDP deflator measures the current level of prices relative to the level of prices in the base year. It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather t