清华大学博弈论2.pdf

如何考虑策略博弈如何考虑策略博弈 How to Think About Strategic Games 第2章 Chapter 2 内容提要内容提要Outline 决策与博弈 Decisions versus games 博弈分类Classifying games 术语与基本假设术语与基本假设 SomeSome terminologyterminology and background assumptions Slide 2 决策与博弈 Decisions Versus Games 博弈，或策略博弈：有意识的参与者之间的相 互作用互作用。 （（因此因此 “博弈博弈”又译作又译作 “对策对策”。）） Games, or Strategic games: Interactions betweenbetween mutuallymutually awareaware playersplayers. 决策: 一个人的选择不必考虑其他人的反应。 Decisions: Action situations where each person can choose without concern for reaction or response from others. Slide 3 决策与博弈 Decisions Versus Games 策略博弈在两三个参与者的面对面的对抗中经常出现。 Strategic games arise most prominently in head- to-head confrontations of two (or a few) participants. 相反相反，大量大量参与者之间的相互作用看起来就不太象策略博参与者之间的相互作用看起来就不太象策略博 弈。 In contrast, interactions among a large number of participantsparticipants seemseem lessless proneprone toto strategicstrategic gamesgames. 不过，许多场合起初看起来象是有成千上万参与人的“非 人格化的人格化的”市场市场，后来变成两后来变成两三人人之间策略性的相间策略性的相互作用作用。 However, many situations that start out as impersonal markets with thousands of participants turnturn intointo strategicstrategic interactionsinteractions ofof twotwo oror aa few.few. Slide 4 博弈分类 Classifying Games 序贯博弈和同时博弈 AreAre thethe movesmoves inin thethe gamegame sequentialsequential oror simultaneous? 利益冲突和利益相容利益冲突和利益相容 Are the players’ interests in total conflict or is there some commonality? y 一次博弈和重复博弈 Is the ggame pplayyed once or reppeatedly,y, and with the same or changing opponents?