塞种源流及李唐氏族问题与老子之瓜葛汉文佛教文献所見.PDF

中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 第七十八本，第一分 出版日期：民國九十六年三月 塞種源流及李唐氏族問題與老子之瓜葛 ──漢文佛教文獻所見 中、北亞胡 族族姓疑案 卓鴻澤 * 漢文佛教文獻有關於中亞與北亞種族源流 之異說兩種，以中古時期老子化胡與排 佛之論爭為其背景，其一為 塞種本允姓之戎，其二為李唐系出拓跋，皆他處所未見， 甚為突兀、奇特。晚近頗有學者依據第一說而就上古中亞民族史多立新義，固為可 喜，顧學者於道宣引文容有誤解乃至發揮太過之處，對產生此說之排佛背景復置之不 論，欲據以推翻舊史（ 《左傳》、《後漢書》）所示允姓或屬於羌系民族之事實，而代之 以允姓為伊朗人種之新說，似有未可。其第二說之關鍵，端在法琳「拓拔達闍，唐言 李氏」一語，論李唐氏族之文雖夥，而此語自來未有索解之人。竊以為「李氏」應是 「李虎」，以避唐諱，故作「李氏」。佛門文獻保留鮮卑語虎為「達闍」之珍貴資料，使 吾人得以從阿爾泰語系民族命名學與薩滿習俗之角度，探討唐家天子尊崇老子背後可 能存在的北亞文化因素。 關鍵詞：塞種 羌 鮮卑拓跋 老子 薩滿 * 中央研究院歷史語言研究所 -183- 卓鴻澤 The Relation of Two Disputable Issues of Central and North Asian Ethnic Origins─the Sakas; the Tang Royal Lineage─to Laozi as Evinced in Medieval Chinese Buddhist Sources Hoong Teik Toh Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Following an influx of foreign cultures as well as new interactions among various ethnic groups, Daoist-Buddhist debates in Mediaeval China also came to involve issues of ethnic origins. Two intriguing ethnic theories that emerged in the debates as quoted in Chinese Buddhist sources are: (1) The Yun tribe (允姓) that once lived in Dunhuang were Sakas; (2) The Li clan (李氏) that ruled the Tang Dynasty was of Tabγač origin. While historians generally remain skeptical of theory (2), theory (1) has recently gained much favor among Chinese writers of the ancient history of Central Asia. This paper calls attention to the fact that scholars who support theory (1) have based their arguments on what is very likely to be a misreading of the text in question. For this reason, the hypothesis that the Yun tribe is of Tibetic (rather than Iranic) origin as suggested by earlier hi