modalauxiliaries情态动词.ppt

Modal Words 情态动词 CONTENT Review: Auxiliaries The grammatical function of auxiliaries is to help main verbs. Auxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries. 助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义,比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经完成，“应该”做某事或“不应该”做某事。助动词分为三类：基本助动词、情态助动词和半助动词。 Primary Auxiliary There are three primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. With no lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings. 基本助动词只有三个：be, do, have。作为助动词，be, do, have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比如助动词be经常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动态。 Semi-auxiliaries Semi-auxiliaries constitute a category of verbs between auxiliaries proper and main verbs. Semi-auxiliaries, such as have to and seem to, can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other. 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to, seem to之类的结构既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义。 Modal Auxiliaries There are thirteen modal auxiliaries including some past tense forms. They are: can/could, may/might, will/ would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to. 情态助动词一共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式。它们是：can/could, may/might, will/ would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.情态动词表示情态意义，其过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能重叠使用；随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to的不定式即动词原形。 情态助动词的“时”的形式和意义 如前所述，情态助动词共有九个，或者说总共有十三个。其中四个各有现在时和过去时两种形式（即may/might, can/could， will/would, shall/should），其余的或者只有现在时形式而无过去时形式（即must, ought to, need, dare），或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式（即used to）。 在上述情态助动词中，dare（敢）和need（需要）也能作主动词用。比较： He dare not come. (作情态动词用)He doesn’t dare to come.(作主动词用) Need he study? (作情态动词用)Does he need to study? (作主动词用) 另有一个used to（过去经常）虽然不能作主动词用，但其否定形式既可以是 used not to，也可以是 did not use to等。因此，有的语法学家把上述三个情态助动词称为“边际情态助动词”（Marginal Modal Auxiliary）。 如前所述，情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志，就是说，现在时或过去时形式有时是时间区别的标志，有时却又不是，而且可以说多半不是。例如： Can you lift that table？你能举起那张桌子吗？ Could you lift that table when you were younger？ 你年轻一些的时候