part2第8讲定语从句(要点透析).ppt

* 一、定义及相关术语 1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词：where, when, why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。 Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.(that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。) 状语 原因 why(for which) 状语 地点 where(＝适当介词＋which) 状语 时间 when(＝适当介词＋which) 关系副词 主语或宾语 物或主句内容 as 定语 人或物 whose(＝of whom＝of which) 宾语 人 whom 主语或宾语 人 who 主语、宾语或定语 物或主句内容 which 主语、宾语、表语或状语 人或物 that 关系代词 定语从句中充当的成分 指代人或物 关系词 4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。　　非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college. 他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥) His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥) 二、关系代词的使用 1. 关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。 She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday.(whom / that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略) Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadnt expected.(which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略) Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.(whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略) 2. 定语从句中的主谓一致 1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 2)one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 复数动词；而the only one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 单数动词 3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。 He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised. Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. 4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。 To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true. 【疑难点击】 1．指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况： 1)当先行词为ever