约翰·马歇尔.ppt

约翰·马歇尔 John Marshall 第4任美国首席大法官 The 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 约翰·马歇尔 （John Marshall，1755年9月24日－1835年7月6日），美国政治家、法律家，曾任美国众议院议员（1799年-1800年）、美国国务卿（1800年-1801年）和美国首席大法官（1801年-1835年）。 John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was the Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. John Marshall was born in a log cabin close to Germantown, a rural community on the Virginia frontier, on September 24, 1755. The oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. He was also relative of Thomas Jefferson, both of them being descendants of Virginia colonist William Randolph, though Marshall and Jefferson would oppose each other on many political issues. From a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature 1755年9月24日，约翰·马歇尔生在弗吉尼亚边境日耳曼敦附近的一个农庄的小木屋里。最年长的约翰有8个妹妹，6个弟弟。他与托马斯·杰斐逊在很多政治问题上有争议，尽管他们之间有亲戚关系，都是威廉·伦道夫的后裔。年轻的马歇尔被人们津津乐道的是他的幽默和具有穿透力量，洋溢着智慧和自然活力的黑眼睛。 Famous Cases 马伯里诉麦迪逊案(1803) 副总统伯尔叛国案(1807) 达茅斯学院案 (1819) 麦库洛诉马里兰州案(1819) Marbury v. Madison Burr conspiracy trial The Dartmouth College case McCulloch v. Maryland 马伯里诉麦迪逊案 马伯里诉麦迪逊案（1803）是马歇尔的第一重要案子。 在这种情况下，最高法院上失效，《1789年的司法法》的规定，理由是它违反宪法，于试图展开原始最高法院的管辖权。 马伯里案是第一个和唯一一个,马歇尔法院裁定，国会违宪的行为，从而强化了司法审查的原则。 因此，虽然法院表示，杰斐逊当局违反其他法律，但是法院说它不能做这件事，因为自己缺乏管辖权。 托马斯·杰斐逊总统采取的立场，法院不能给他一个命令书（即命令即使法院有管辖权： Marbury v. Madison (1803) was the first important case before Marshalls Court. In that case, the Supreme Court invalidated a provision of