Unit 5More on Implicatures英语语用学.ppt

Contact me Yanling Tang Foreign Studies College Hunan Normal University 36 Lushan Road, Changsha City, Hunan 410081 The People’s Republic of China(CHINA) Cellphone E-mail: 1596604813@ Part 2: Implicatures Contents Conventional Implicature Conversational Implicature Generalized Implicature Particularized Implicature Special Features of Implicature Levinson,1983:99 “Natural language expressions do tend to have simple, stable and unitary(单一的) senses (in many cases anyway), but that this stable semantic core often has an unstable, context-specific pragmatic overlay-- namely, a set of implicatures. Its cold here. (inside/outside) Implicature An implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested distinct from what is said. Implicatures can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context, and can be conventional or unconventional. Categories of Implicature Conventional Implicature规约含意 Conventional implicature: an implicature that arises not depending on particular context of language use; or non-truth conditional inferences that are not derived from superordinate pragmatic principles like the Gricean maxims but are simply attached by convention to particular lexical items (Levinson 1983); or it is related to the use of certain words regardless of the context in which it occurs. I walked into a house. a) She is poor but honest. b) He is an Englishman and he is brave. c) Even John likes Mary. But means that what follows will run counter to expectations; or what follows will be in contrast with what will be expected from what precedes. And states that two cases are true. Even means that the case will be more than might be expected. B. Conversational Implicature A conversational implicature is an inference from the semantic content depending on context, speakers intention, hearers attitude and the mutual assumption. Grices Theory of Conversational Implicature (1967) is one of the single most important ideas