英语发展史及词汇构成 (2).ppt

英语的发展史 The History Of English Language 语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期 ：The language historian divides English history into three times: 1.古英语时期 Ancient English 2.中古英语时期 Middle English 3.现代英语时期 Modern English 1.古英语时期(又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450——1100年) The history of English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. About the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the north sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late of the seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the English. 英语的历史从1500年前的北欧开始。在公元5世纪左右，成为盎格鲁人、萨克森人和朱特人的部落从德国和丹麦旅行详细过北海。他们迁入英国，并在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式的英语。 In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for years. During this time almost two hundred many Latin, Danish, and Norse word entered the English language. Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, and the pronouns them, their, and they. Many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example, wrath (English), anger (Norse) ; sick (English) , ill (Nose). 在8世纪末，斯堪的纳维亚人攻占英国。战争持续了将近200年。在这个时期，很多拉丁语、丹麦语和古斯堪的纳维亚的单词融入英语。拉丁语给了英语很多单词。从丹麦语和古斯堪的纳维亚语中，英国人借鉴过来了皮肤、腿以及各种词格的的代词“他们”、“他们的”。来自古斯堪的纳维亚语的很多同义词统一到英语中。例如，愤怒（英语wrath和古斯堪的纳维亚语anger）；生病（英语sick和古斯堪的纳维亚语ill），都在英语中进行了统一。 古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日耳曼族特点这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词法。复合词在古英语词汇中占用显著地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读的部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-,in-, -ful等派生发在古英语中也广泛使用共有24个名词后缀，15个形容词后缀-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the , -ful, -ish等词缀都可溯源道到古英语时期。 2.中古英语时期（公元1100——1500年） In 1066, the Normans conquered England. French became the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poor people. In the late fourteenth century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, and a lot of the early words no longer existed. 1066年，诺曼人征服英国。法语成为富人的语言和权力的象征。但穷人主要讲英语。在14世纪末，英语在成为