非谓语动词用法比较.ppt

* * * * √ √ √ √ ? ? ? made ? ? ? 过去分词 ? ? √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ ? ? having been made being made having made ? making 现在分词 √ √ √ √ √ √ to have been made to be made to have made to be making to write 不定式 补 状 定 表 宾 主 完成式 一般式 完成式 进行式 一般式 句法功能 被动语态 主动语态 make 非谓语动词用法比较详析 由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。 如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。如： The school to be built is intended for the disabled children. The school being built is intended for the disabled children. The school built last year is intended for the disabled children. The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children. 二、不定式和动名词作主语的区别 1、动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的第一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。如： Reading English novels is really great fun. To read English novels this evening will take most of my time. 2、动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而动名词作主语时较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless /fun 等句型中常用it作形式主语。如： It is hard to make him change his mind. It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 3、不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如 It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 4、在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。 5、疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如： Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 6、在句型“There be no＋主语”中，习惯上常用动名词作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如 There is no parking around here. There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.) 7、不定式、动名词作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；动名词的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如： Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. The students’ knowing English well helped them in learning French. 三、不定式、分词和动名词作表语的区别 1、表示一般的概念时，不定式动名词可以互换。如： ? Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 To see is to believe. 8、当表语是动名词时, 主语要用动名词，当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如： What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 2、表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。如： My wish is to become a famous pianist. ?3、动名词作表语和主语