翻译知识与对策.ppt

翻译练习 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. A full man: a man with a wide knowledge of things Conference: consultation; conversation A ready man: a man who can answer things readily and freely An exact man: a man who speaks and writes with accuracy Write: take notes Had need have: would need to have Confer: converse, speak 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 英文并列句中相似结构常省略，中译则补齐并使之成对仗式警句格局。 英文连用if a man (he)…, he had need have…的假设条件句，中译则换用“不…者须…”，暗含假定结构。 译文中以三个“不常”译little的译法很巧妙，正话反说，意思完全相同。 比较译文 读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，笔记使人准确。因此，不常动笔的人必须具有很强的记忆力，不常讨论的人必须具有随机应变的捷才，不多读书的人必须十分灵巧狡黠，才能假装知道他所不知道的事物。 翻译实践 知识与对策-翻译的过程是什么？ 当代著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达从翻译的思维活动过程对翻译进行了描述。他认为翻译主要由以下三个阶段构成，即分析(analysis)、转换(transfer)、重构(restructuring)，并以下面这个图表示翻译的过程： 分析 弄清原文文本的功能、内容与风格，即句法关系及其特点、词汇意义及其特点、命题内容、修辞手段、作者意图或者说言语功能等各个方面。分析的结果是原文的深层结构或准深层结构。 转换 译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。 重构 将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语，为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标，重新排列、连接或删除。 分析 首先是分析原文的表层结构，即弄清原文中各部分的语法关系。 如： Stories are told of how he walked miles to secure a book, and studied by the light of the hearth fire at night after a hard day at farm work. 本句中of how he walked miles to secure a book是修饰stories还是跟told 构成短语动词? 其实应是前者 试译这句话 分析 If you secure something that you want or need, you obtain it, often after a lot of effort. (FORMAL) 分析 传说他曾为觅得一本书而步行几英里，在农场辛苦劳作一天后，晚上还就着壁炉前的火光学习。 分析 然后是将原文的表层结构分析为深层结构。 如：a Southern sympathizer 的深层结构与the southern hemisphere的深层结构相同吗？ 前者为a person who sympathized with the Southern states. 后者就不能作这种分析。 Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth president of the United States, was born in Kentucky in 1809, and died in Washington in 1865, the day after he had been shot by a Southern sympathizer. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth president o