翻译第二周授课.ppt

Chapter 2 Definitions and classification of translation Prerequisites for translators What do we mean by translation? Taken literally, it can be given four meanings, according to concrete contexts: Translating (翻译过程)：the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object) A translation (译作)：the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text) Translation (翻译)：the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process Translator(译者)：翻译过程的执行者，译作的制作者。 1. Definitions of Translation The field of Translation Studies was first defined by the American scholar, James Holmes, in his seminal paper, entitled ‘the Name and Nature of Translation Studies’, which was originally presented in the third International Congress of Applied Linguistics held in Copenhagen in 1972. Since Holmes paper, Translation Studies has evolved to such an extent that it is really a perfect interdiscipline, interfacing with a whole host of other fields. The aim may still be to describe translation phenomena, and in some cases to establish general principles, but the methods of analysis are more varied and the cultural and ideological features of translation have become as prominent as linguistics. The following figure illustrates the breaths of contacts. The following is a Map of discipline interfacing with translation studies: The richness of the field is also illustrated by areas for research suggested by Williams and Chesterman , which include: (1) Text analysis and translation (2) Translation quality assessment (3) Translation of literary and other genres (4) Multi-media translation (audiovisual translation) (5) Translation and technology (6) Translation history (7) Translation ethics (8) Terminology and glossaries (9) The translation process (10) Translator training (11) The characteristics of the translation profession Definitions of translation Translation can be roughly def