语言学第八章.ppt

Chapter 8 Language acquisition Focuses: 1. Theories of FLA 2. SLA contrastive analysis error analysis interlanguage Krashen’s monitor theory 3. individual difference of SLA 高一虹教授 Cook (英) Chomsky Anderson krashen 刘润清教授 Rod Ellis 1. Language acquisition the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the lge of his community. The spontaneous internalization 无意识的内化 of rules and formulas. ---- Ellis, Krashen It takes place in the speech community where ones first lge or SL is spoken. It is often natural, without much focus on form. a complicated process, involving a wide range of social, psychological, cognitive, linguistic, physiological factors. The difference btw acquisition learning: Acquisition: a process by which children unconsciously acquire their native lge . the gradual development of ability in a lge by using it naturally in communicative situations. Learning: a conscious knowledge of a SL, knowing the rules, being aware of them, and being able to talk about them. a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a lge, esp. through formal instruction. 2. Theories of child language acquisition A behaviorist view (Skinners) An innateness view (Chomsky) Cognitive view A behaviorist view viewing lge as a learned behavior; lge learning: a matter of imitation and habit-formation. stimulus ?response ? Imitation ? Reinforcement The inadequacy：how children acquire complex lge system. （1）理论内容： 1）华生(创始人)的主要观点： 心理学必须用科学的方法研究个体的行为,而不是意识。 研究动物行为的结果，可以用来解释人的行为。 人类一切行为的构成要素都只是反应，或多种反应的组合。反应多数是在环境中由刺激—反应的联结形成的。 2）斯金纳(代表人物)指出：人类语言行为只是刺激和反应。看见、听见和感觉到的东西是刺激，说出的话是反应。 3）哲学基础是洛克的白板论, 强调后天经验的重要性。语言也是一种行为，学会某种语言就是在后天环境中养成某种习惯，儿童的语言能力来自一系列的刺激（成人语言）他们通过模仿做出反应，如果反应正确就会得到强化，一定的刺激和相应的反应多次重复就成为习惯从而学会语言。 （2）评价 “刺激-反应论”虽然受到很多批评，但 并非一无是处，有很多合理得成分。它所 说的儿童学习语言的模仿、强化，都是有 道理的。要掌握语言也的确必须