第4.1讲：纳什均衡应用举例：库诺特(Cournot)寡头竞争模型.pptx

第4.1讲：纳什均衡应用举例： ——库诺特（Cournot）寡头竞争模型 1 von Neumann, John and Oskar Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The birth of game theory is usually dated back to John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944), a classic work upon which modern-day game theory is based. However, there are several forerunners much earlier on. In 1713, Francis Waldegrave provided the first minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person game. In 1838, Augustin Cournot solved a quantity choice problem under duopoly using a restricted version of the NE (Nash Equilibrium) concept. In 1871, Charles Darwin gives the first (implicitly) game theoretic argument in evolutionary biology. In 1883, Joseph Bertrand generalized Cournot’s model to price rivalry. 2 库诺特（Cournot）寡头竞争模型 张维迎. 博弈论与信息经济学[M]. 上海：格致出版社•上海三联出版社•上海人民出版社，2012. 第43-45页 3 库诺特（Cournot，1838）寡头竞争模型可以说是纳什均衡最早的版本，它比纳什（Nash，1950）本人的定义早了100多年。在库诺特模型里，有两个参与人，分别称为企业1和企业2；每个企业的战略是选择产量；支付是利润，它是两个企业产量的函数。 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 为了得到更具体的结果，让我们来考虑上述模型的简单情况。 11 12 13 14 为了与垄断情况相比较，让我们计算一下垄断企业的最优产量和均衡利润。 15 16 17 18 19