2第二章旅游的产生与发展.ppt

第二章 旅游的产生与发展 Historical Background As has been pointed out by many authors, the histories of travel and civilization are parallel. Early man kept on the move from one pasture to another. Trade and pleasure travel have been intertwined for centuries. Early travelers were explorer-traders, such as Marco Polo, who sought new functions and societies out of curiosity and yet had increased trade motivations. Pilgrimages to religious meccas, resorting around the Mediterranean, and participation in the spas were popular in Greek and Roman times. The lowest point in tourist travel came with the early Middle Ages because of feudalism and the stringent necessity of work for survival. Religious values were coupled with prohibitions against recreational travel. Before modern science and technology identified many causes of disease, the curative powers of sea water and spring waters containing many minerals became popular health objectives. These attractions sparked fashionable resorts the world over. In the 17th century, in the heyday of British history, no young man was thoroughly educated unless he had experienced the arts, architecture, women and foods on the Grand Tour. The trip was met with many risks from bandits and bad food, but it usually included visits to the seats of government of France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The priority given travel throughout history is evident no matter the mode of transportation. First, hiking and horseback riding, followed by stagecoach travel, proved that the desire was there. Major technological advances, such as the train and steamboat, gave new impetus to travel, especially by the wealthier classes. Travel exploded with the automobile, not because of roads but because it opened up new markets. For the first time, a personalized form of transportation became available to the middle and lower classes. Working men and working women——factory operatives, plumbers, waitresses, bank clerks, farm hands, stenographers, storekeepers, su