耕作学 Cropping System.pptVIP

耕作学 Cropping System 教 - 学方法 互动、参与式 研究型 不要死学、学死，要掌握实质，灵活运用。 要求预习 授鱼-教渔协调，教-学双方配合 建立学习小组 第一课 有关的基本概念 Several related concepts； 农作制度的功能 Role of farming systems； 中国农作制度的特点 Features of farming systems in China。 基本概念 Several concepts A farming system is more than just the production of crops and rearing of animals. It includes other resources, the activities and inputs of all members of the household. Therefore, farming systems analysis must helps us understand how rural households use all their natural resources to make a living. Farming systems analysis includes collecting fuel wood, building materials and other biological products, e.g. traditional medicine. It also includes non-farm activities like basket weaving or brick making, and off-farm activities like wood collecting and labouring. In the past, the interactions between farm enterprises, and between on-farm and off-farm activities were ignored. Farming systems analysis looks at: all enterprises, all species cultured or captured and all agroecological niches utilized by the household regardless of resource access regime. In doing this it recognises that farm households do a lot more than grow crops and tend animals! Enterprise Focus, Interest in increasing food supplies through improving the productivity of crops and animals resulted in a focus on particular enterprises. Although scientists used a systems perspective, they focused on a predetermined enterprise. 主要学习参考书 刘巽浩主编.耕作学.北京: 中国农业出版社,1994年第1版. 刘巽浩主编.中国的耕作制度.北京: 中国农业出版社,1994年第1版. 刘巽浩、陈阜编著.中国农作制.北京: 中国农业出版社,2005年第1版. * The farming system is defined as: A unique and reasonably stable arrangement of farming enterprises that the household manages according to well-defined practices in response to physical, biological and socio-economic environments and in accordance with the household’s goals, preferences and resources. These factors combine to influence the output and production methods.” (Shaner (1982) in Merrill-Sands, 1986)