Lecture16虚拟时态.ppt

Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood 虚拟式 P. 181 章振邦编 周庆锦讲 Mood Mood, as a grammatical category, is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact (indicative mood), a command or request (imperative mood), or a non-fact and hypothesis (subjunctive mood). The indicative mood is unmarked, and over 90% of English sentences are expressed in this mood. The imperative mood is marked only when it occurs in an imperative sentence. Likewise, the subjunctive mood is marked only when it occurs in certain contents, and is not so complicated as described in traditional grammars. 式 式 / 语气, 是区别说话人以何种口气说话的动词形式. 如果说话人把句中动词所表达的行为或状态看作是现实的东西而加以描述，就用 (1) 陈述式 ( Indicative Mood. 就事实提出疑问用疑问式)。 90%的英语句子用的都是陈述式动词, 而陈述式是不带语法标记的; 如果说话人想要别人做某事，如提要求、下命令、发指示、劝告、警告等就用 (2) 祈使式 (Imperative Mood)。 动词形式与动词原形相同, 只有在特定句型中才带语法标记。 如果说话人把动词所表达的行为或状态看作只是存在于说话人想象中的 “假想” , 而不看作是客观现实时, 就要用 (3) 虚拟式 (Subjunctive Mood)。 式 传统语法把能表示假设意义的语法手段统称为 “虚拟语气”, 使虚拟语气变得很复杂。 这并不符合现代英语的实际情况。在现代英语中, “虚拟式”, 作为专门表达假设意义的动词形式, 仅是古英语遗留下来的一点残余, 它只有两种形式: were 型和 be 型. were 型只有 were 一个词项; be 型与原形同形, 都只有在特定的语境中才带有 “虚拟式”的语法标记。 be- 型虚拟式 P.181 be-型虚拟式用动词原形表示，即不管主语是什么人称, 动词一律用原形。 它只有在单数第三人称主语之后才是有标记的。用于: 1) 表示命令、决定、建议、主张、紧要等概念的词语. 由于它们本身隐含说话人的主观意见, 认为某事应该或不应该怎样,固其后的 that- 分句用虚拟。 分三种情况: a) 用在 decide, decree ( 下令, 颁布命令), demand, insist, move ( 提议), order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, plea (恳求 ), stipulate (规定 ) , desire, advise, command, direct, ask, maintain, urge (敦促 ) 等动词的 that- 分句 (宾语从句) 或主语从句中. 1. I demand that she come here soon. 2. Congress has decided/voted/decreed that the present law be maintained. 3. It was ordered that the classroom be put in order. be- 型虚拟式分三种情况: b) 用在 advisable (应该的,可行的 ), appropriate, desirable ( 令人满意的, 值得的), essential, vital (不可缺少的 ), f