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Ancient Egyptian Civilization; Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization located in Northeastern Africa. It was concentrated along the Nile River in what are now the modern countries of Egypt and Sudan.; Pre-dynastic Egypt began to take shape as early as 4000 BC. Southern states, such as Abydos, Naqada, and Hierakonpolis, began to spread their culture to the North and dominate the Northern kings. Abydos emerged as the power center around 3200 BC, launched trade with the Levant, and set the stage for dynastic Egypt.The Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, Menes/Narmer. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. ;The Old Kingdom, of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom, of the Middle Bronze Age, the New Kingdom, of the Late Bronze Age, and the Napatan/Ethiopian/Kushite/Nubian Kingdom, of the 7th century BC. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom, in the Ramesside period, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period. In the aftermath of Alexander the Greats death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. ; The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trad