2014年5月17日托福阅读真题.docx

2014年5月17日托福阅读真题智课网整理第一篇：动物迁徙版本1:第一篇讲动物迁徙，根据cognitive map，举了几个例子。一种灰鲸靠海岸线，还有一种monarch butterfly，在夏季的迁徙地产卵并死去，其后代直接飞回来。还有就是靠太阳或者月亮，还讲了鸽子迁徙靠地磁。版本2：说鸟有不同的导航方式，然后有的鸟用sun，有的用star，用star的鸟就有不同的生物钟，因为他们不需要配合太阳的变化。还有一些鸟的体内有铁元素，他们可以用来导航。版本3：文章主题是动物如何在迁移中判断方向的。作者举了一个灰鲸的例子，它们会利用海岸线的形状来判断迁徙的方向。还举了帝皇蝶的例子。还有的用内在的基因程序。词汇：animal migration 动物迁徙 cognitive map 认知地图 genetic programme 基因程序 monarch butterfly 黑脉金斑蝶、帝王蝶解析：本文围绕动物在迁徙的过程中依靠什么来进行定位为主题展开论证。文章举了关于动物迁徙的例子包括鸟、蝴蝶和鲸，具体描述对应的动物是如何依靠海岸线的形状、太阳与星星等等为标志物在迁徙的过程中判断方向的。从以往的经验看，关于以动物行为为背景的文章考查的频率非常高。同学们备考的时候需要准备一些与动物行为相关的背景词汇，这样在阅读的过程中可以降低由于词汇不熟悉产生的时间浪费。TPO中，与本文在题材与结构都非常相似的文章是TPO11的Orientation and Navigation。相关背景：Animal migrationMexican free-tailed bats?on their long aerial migrationAnimal migration?is the relatively long-distance movement of individuals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is found in all major animal groups, including?birds,?mammals,?fish,?reptiles,?amphibians,?insects, and?crustaceans.[1]?The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons.[2]?To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, such as?birds migrating?south for the winter;?wildebeest?migrating annually for seasonal grazing; or a major habitat change as part of their life, such as young?Atlantic salmon?leaving the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches in size.[3]Definition[edit]Migration can take very different forms in different species and as such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration. One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by Kennedy[4]?isMigratory behavior is persistent and straightened out movement effected by the animal’s own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation upon a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station keeping responses but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence.Migration