话语分析第六章孙志恒课件.ppt

The nature of reference in text and in discourse A number of authors are concerned with the principles of connectivity which bind a text together and force co-interpretation. 6.1.1 ‘Cohesion’ Cohesive relationships: They within a text are set up ‘where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one PRESUPPOSE the other in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it.’ Text texture Text: a text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. Text is the verbal record of a communicative event. Texture: the texture is provided by the cohesive relation. e.g. Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. Them is anaphoric to the six cooking apples. Anaphoric function: ①give cohesion to two sentences. ②interpret two sentences as a whole. ③constitute a text. Explicitly marked cohesive relationship: formal markers Halliday Hasan provide an extended, often illuminating, discussion of the relationships indicated by markers, together with an extended taxonomy. Types of explicit markers of conjunctive relations a. additive: and, or, furthermore, similarly, in addition b. adversative: but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless c. causal: so, consequently, for this reason, it follows from this d. temporal: then, after that, an hour later, finally, at last Halliday Hasan recognize that it is the underlying semantic relation that actually has the cohesive power(1976:229) e.g. We ended up going for a drink and then a meal in a Bernie’s Inn. Returned chez Jane for coffee and talk. Bed about midnight. The sequential nature of the events is only explicitly pointed to by the then. It is clearly implied in the subsequence of events. Cohesive relationship under the headings Reference Substitution Ellipsis Lexical relationships ①Co-referential forms: They a