翻译第三周授课.pptVIP

2.2 Criteria of Translation The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. An Overview of Translation Theory in ChinaZhi Qian (支谦,Eastern Han): “佛言，依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。” Dao An (道安, Eastern Jin ,314—385): warned translators on guard against 五失本 (five ways of losing the original essence in translation) The five losses are: (1) unnecessary reversion of word order (2) added description (which does not exist in the original), (3) cutting of repeated wording (necessary as religious scriptures for prayers), (4) omission of repetition of certain conclusive messages, (5) cutting of contents repeated as introduction to a new topic. Xuan Zang (玄奘, Tang Dynasty 600--664) （1）“既须求真，又须喻俗” （To be both true and coherent , or: must be both truthful and intelligible to the populace） （2）“五不翻”理论 马建忠（1845—1900）： in response to the contemporary abuse in translation, brought forth the principle of “善译”： He wrote the first Chinese grammar book “马氏文通” 所有相当之实义，委屈推究，务审其音声之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所由然。夫如是，则一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其间，夫而后，能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，是则为善译也矣。 一书到手经营反复，[comprehension]知其意旨，摹写神情、语气，心悟神解，[spirit]振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，无毫发出入其间，[accuracy]夫而后能使读者所得之益，与观原文无异，则为善译。[equivalent response] Ma Jianzhong explained his standard of a “good translation”: “When the translator has a book to translate, he needs to read it over and over again until he is sure of what it is intended to mean, trying to capture its spirit and imitate its tone. Then he puts it in another language as he understands it. Thus, the translated text is similar to the original without any difference between them. The reader of the translation benefits from it almost the same as the reader do