词汇1,3,7.doc

Chpter3 Morphological Structure of English Words (课本47页) 一．Morpheme(形位/语素) Morpheme-the minimal meaning units. “more or less constant meaning associated with more or less constant form” Morpheme refers to the unit that (1)can be identifiable from one word to another and (2)contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word. 问题 Consider Tank, plank, flank, drank, rank, etc. In these words, we could easily identify a component –ank. Is it a morpheme? NO, it is not a morpheme, because 1）There is no consistent meaning with this –ank 2）The “leftover” pieces t-, pl-, fl-, dr-, r- are not morphemes either. 二．Allomorph(形位变体) and Morph (形素) Bikes eggs kisses Bike+s egg+s kiss+ es -pl, express plural meaning A variant form of a morpheme is called an allomorph. Bike + /s/ egg+/z/ kiss+/iz/ The realization (in phonemes or in letters) of a morpheme/allomorph is called morph. A morph can realize more than one morpheme (plural –s, 3rd sg. –s, Poss. -s ) 三．Classifying Morphemes Bound vs. Free Bound Morphemes（粘着语素）: Those that cannot appear on their own Free Morphemes（自由语素）: Those that can appear on their own dogs walking blackened player dog-s walk-ing black-en-ed play-er A division among morphemes involves whether they can occur on their own or not: No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Yes: dog, kick, berry Root 词根 (stem词干) vs. affix词缀 A further division among morphemes involves whether they are the cores of words. The root or stem is the basic or core morpheme The things added to this are the affixes Example: in dark-en the root is dark, while the affix– in this case a suffix– is –en 问题 Are affixes always bound? Yes. Are roots always free? No. Audience, audible, audition Roots can be divided into free roots and bound roots. Study the following bound roots: cred =? credible, credibility, incredible, credulous flor = ? florist, floral, florid Combination Un-help-ful Affi