语言学—主语.pptx

Subject(主语) 试 讲：王晶 内 容：林珊 PPT制作：凌芸 2 Subject Definition: In some languages, SUBJECT refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case (主格形式）. Ex. 1) Pater filium amat. (the father loves the son) 2) Patrem filius amat. (the son loves the father) 主格 主格 3 In English, the subject of a sentence is often said to be the doer of the action (动作的执行者）, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer. According to the particular semantic roles, the doer of the action is named as agent (实施者) and the person or thing acted upon is named as patient (受事者). 4 Ex. Mary slapped John. A dog bit John. John was bitten by a dog. John underwent major heart surgery. agent / subject agent / subject patient / subject patient / subject grammatical subject （语法主语） logical subject （逻辑主语） Grammatical subject： Logical subject: 5 the core object noun (John in this sentence) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive.（核心宾语名词 “在句中是John” 在被动句中位于动词之前） the core (A dog), now the subject of a preposition (by a dog).（中心主语 “A dog” 即现在的介词宾语 “by a dog” 被称作逻辑主语） 6 Subject is always what the sentence is aboout? No! Ex. Bill is a very crafty fellow. (Jack is pretty reliable, but ) Bill I dont trust. As for Bill, I wouldt take his promises very seriously. 7 The properties of subjects in English Word order （词序） Pro-forms （代词形式） Agreement with verb （与动词一致） Content question （特指疑问） Tag question （反意疑问句） 8 Word order: Subject ordinarily precedes the verb in satement Ex. Sally collets stamps. *Collects Sally stamps. 9 Pro-forms: The first and third person pronouns in English appear in a special form when the pronoun is a subject. This form is not used when the pronoun occurs in other positions: Ex. He loves me. I love him. We threw stones at them. They threw stones at us. 10 Agreement with verb: In the simple present tense, as -s is add