植物学及园艺学英文版_botany_and_horticulture_4.ppt

Introduction to Social Anthropology B  Lecture 4 Environment and sustainability Human population and environment impacts. What can anthropology tell us about the complex relationships between society and environment? Models from systems analysis and from ecology. ecological niche, homeostatis, sustainability, carrying capacity. These are functionalist explanations of the interaction of social, environmental and technological factors. Tropical environment Tropical rain forest natural climax cycles, high rain fall, limited seasonality, soils, trees, canopy, light competition, leaf litter, nutrient poor, subject of erosion, iron pan Tropical environment Horticulture, gardening slash and burn, adaptation. Colonial and other degenerations http://www.jerbarker.co.uk/images/liberia/IMG_6095.jpg Forest modified by ‘slash and burn’ horticulture Tropical environment /eb-media/16/100516-004-CCB5059D.jpg Highland New Guinea. Dense population of horticulture based on cultivation of sweet potato and raising pigs. “Discovery of highland peoples in the 1930s found large community groups, partilineal clans, and competitive ceremonies exchanging food and pigs.” (Brown 1979:238) “Stone and woods tools were used for agriculture and construction of houses and fences. Soil fertility was improved with complete clearing, burning of cut vegetation, deep tillage, drainage ditches, and mounds for planting sweet potato vines, gradual harvesting, preparation of ditches and mounds for replanting, cultivated casuarina trees, fallow periods, integration of pig keeping with forest fallow, cultivation and settlement areas. Chimbu agriculture is intensive and well adapted to the steep terrain and crop requirements.” (Brown 1979:239) Australasia Papua New Guinea .au Social characteristics of Highland New Guinea societies Tribal society big man leadership. pig farmers Warriors Traders Feasting and exchange Competitive leadership thro