【2017年整理】形态学初探.ppt

形态学初探;1. Introduction;;;WORD： a. A unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, in both spoken and written language. b. However, there are several difficulties in arriving at a consistent use of the term in relation to other categories of linguistic description, and in the comparison of languages of different structural types. These problems relate mainly to word identification and definition.;;;Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. Morphology: The branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct. It is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and of word-formation(lexical or derivational morphology);2. Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning;Types of morpheme: a. affix, root and stem affix: the collective term for the types of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), i.e. affixes are a type of ‘bound’ morpheme. ;; root: A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity; it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. From a semantic point of view, the root generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. ;; stem VS root The stem may consist solely of a single root morpheme (i.e. a ‘simple’ stem, as in man), or of two root morphemes (e.g. a ‘compound’ stem, as in blackbird), or of a root morpheme plus a derivational affix (i.e. a ‘complex’ stem, as in manly,unmanly, manliness). All have in common the notion that it is to the stem that inflectional affixes are attached. ;;;;;;;Allomorph Many of the morphemes of the language appear in different forms, depending on the context in which they appear. The morpheme which express