博士生入学英语辅导（语法部分）.ppt

博士生入学英语辅导（语法部分） 黄 年 根 解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院 What is English Grammar ? The study or use of certain rules of the English language Rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences So English Grammar studies the words and sentences An Overview of English Grammar Parts of speech (词类）： noun, article, pronoun, numeral, adjective, verb(auxiliaries--primary ~, model verbs), adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection Phrases(短语）： verb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases Sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex Noun: 名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的) child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen autos, dynamos, pianos, kilos, photos; radios, ratios, zoos, bamboos, portfolios, studios(cargoes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes heroes) beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, gulfs, proofs, roofs, safes(loaf → loaves, wolf→ wolves, leaf→ leaves, knife→knives, thief→thieves, life→lives, shelf→shelves) Noun: 名 词 的 数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的) analysis→analyses, axis →axes(轴心） bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, thesis → theses, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, medium → media, phenomenon→phenomena, syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses 单复数一样的名词有：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等 hair和fruit一般情况下用单数，表示总体 police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式 Noun: 名词所有格 the hostesss living room, the childrens mother soldiers training ground John’s and Tom’s room (c.f. John and Tom’s room) my uncle’s, the barber’s, the chemist’s, the Smiths（一家）, the Smiths’(的住所)， the Smith’s（的家） Pronoun 习惯用法： He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。 Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。 She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。 John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。 He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。 I’m something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。 He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。 The new arrival was none other than the President. （刚到的那人就