以提取为基础的学习：在小学儿童中有指导提取的必要性.ppt

Retrieval-based learning: The need for guided retrieval in elementary school children 以提取为基础的学习：在小学儿童中有指导提取的必要性 文章信息 杂志： Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 作者：Jeffrey D. Karpicke?, Janell R. Blunt, Megan A. Smith, Stephanie S. KarpickePurdue 发表时间：2014年7月 1、介绍 1.1、retrieval practice simply involves having learners set aside the material theyare learning and practice actively reconstructing it on their own.When students are capable of successfully retrieving knowledge,and when they practice doing it repeatedly, retrieval practice willpromote learning that is robust, durable, and transferable to newcontexts (Carpenter, 2012; Karpicke, 2012). 提取练习是让学习者不顾他们正在学习的材料，并用他们自己的方式积极地练习重建。当学生们能够成功地提取知识时，并且当他们反复的练习它时，提取练习便促进学习，这种学习是有效的、持久的，可转化新内容的。 1.2、Grades 3–5 represent a critical time in chil-dren’s educational development, because by these grade levels children have learned to read, and they are now increasingly “read-ing to learn.” That is, late elementary school children are beginning to read material and implement strategies on their own in order to learn from what they are reading. Thus it is essential to examine retrieval practice in elementary school children. 三到五年级的儿童是教育发展的关键时期，因为这些年级的儿童已经学习了阅读，并且现在正在增长为从阅读中学习。为了学习他们正在学习的内容，这些儿童开始用他们自己的方式读材料并实施策略。因此，在小学儿童中检查提取练习是必要的。 问题提出 1、从教育内容中，检查学习以提取为基础的策略。 2、对大学生有效的提取练习策略（自由回忆和概念地图）对小学生是否是有效的。 3、检查对小学生有效的提取练习的新方式。 2、实验设计 Experiment 1 2.1Method： 2.1.1被试 在实验一中采用9到11岁的94名儿童作为被试，在学校总人口中有52%的非裔美国人,27%的西班牙裔,14%的白人,7%其他种族/族裔。父母和孩子都同意。并不是所有的孩子都参加了8个实验序列，由于实验持续四周，所以54位儿童完成了四个条件，33个完成了3个条件，6位完成了2个条件。 2.1.2 材料 Four brief texts were adapted from elementary science text-books Each text covered a single topic (Learning More about Rocks, Surviving in the Wild, ClassifyingAnimals, and The Earth’s Changing Surface). The texts were 273, 251,226, and 238 words in length 实验材料采用了小学科学课本的四个简单的内容。每一个内容都覆盖一个独立的主题（岩石的学习、野外生存、动物的分类和地表面的变化），这些内容分别是273、251、226、238个单词组成。 The texts were modifiedto increase coherence, for example, by r