专业英语结课作业2.docVIP

第五章 Section A Why Theories of Learning 为什么需要学习理论。 Most people have an intuitive notion of what it means to learn: They can do something that they could not do before or they know something that they did not know before. In most psychological theories, learning is defined as “a persisting change in human performance or performance potential(Driscoll, 2000, p.11), however, the major concepts and principles of learning vary with learning theories.大多数人往往凭直觉认为学习就是学会做一些以前不会做的事情。或者是知道一些以前不知道的。大多数心理学理论将学习定义为人类能力和潜能的持续改变。然而不同的学习理论对学习的主要概念和原理有不同的看法。 Regardless of the differences among psychological perspectives on learning, a solid foundation in various learning theory is undoubtedly the most essential element in the preparation of ISD professional. They must be familiar with the theory and research on learning and must be able to apply them to actual practice. For example, a designer working on an early childhood education project will find insight into children’s behavior and the value of a rich learning environment in the work of Piaget. Ausubel and Rothkopf are valuable resources when producing textual materials. Designers familiar with social learning theory of Bandura will not ignore environmental factors that significantly affect instructional programs, nor overlook the power of informal learning channels (e.g., observational learning). Bruner’s rich philosophical insight into discovery learning and problem solving, Keller’s work on motivation, Knowles’ emphasis on factors that facilitate adult learning, and the work of others contribute to a designer’s overall understanding of the learning process and skill in designing instructional strategies. Cognitive science (Klatzky, Anderson, Gagne, Wildman Burton) is making a major contribution to our understanding of how humans perceive, process, store, and retrieve information. Schema theory, elaboration, metacognition, automaticity, expert/novice studies, and transfer are only a few of the constructs studied by cog