复件 预设语义学.ppt

PRESUPPOSITION CONTENT Definition Introduction The Origin of Presupposition The Development of Presupposition Role of presupposition Application of presupposition Types of Presupposition Properties of Pragmatic Presupposition Differentiation of Presupposition and Entailment 一个无神论者问神父：“上帝是万能的吗？”神父回答：“当然！”无神论者又问：“上帝能创造一块石头吗？”神父不耐烦了，说：“上帝无所不能！”无神论者便问：“上帝能创造一块连他自己都举不起来的石头吗？”神父无言以对。 预设通常是指说话者在说出某个 特定句子时所进行的假设， 即使说话者话语适宜所必须满足 的条件。(Levinson，1983：204) Verschueren认为预设是语言表达形式与一种可以通过语用推理获得的隐含意义之间的关系。(Verschueren，2000：30) 预设是一种语用推理，它是“在语言结构的基础上，依靠逻辑概念、语义、语境等推断出话语意义的先决条件，”是交际有效性的保证。(何自然，1997：58) Introduction A presupposition is background belief , relating to an utterance that must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for utterance to be consider appropriate in context. Remains a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial or question. 1、 Mary cleaned the room. 2、 Mary didnt clean the room. 3、 Did Mary clean the room? 4、 Clean the room, Mary. ●Associated with specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger前提触发语) The origin of presupposition In 1892,the German philosopher and mathematician Frege (弗莱格) firstly proposed the term “presupposition” in his classical paper “On sense and Reference”. “If anything is asserted there is always an obvious presupposition that the simple or compound proper names used have a reference” “如果要断言一件事，总需要有一个明显的预设，使用的专有名词无论简单还是复杂都要有一个指称对象。” The Development of Presupposition 1905,Russel sketched a theory of descriptions in his book. He believed that when a description had no denotation ,it still had the true or false value . 1959,Strawson opposed Russell mixing meaning with reference . He defined that a statement S presupposed a statement S’, if and only if the truth of S’ is a necessary condition for the truth or falsity of S. 1970,The rising of pragmatics ,