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广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院高级英汉汉英口译课件4整理
Session 4 主题与主语 Chinese vs. English 只要用功读书,就能提高成绩。(隐含主语) If one studies hard enough, one will … 国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。(多主语) On the first day of the seven-day National Day holiday, our whole family … 游泳非常消耗体力。(主语非名词) Swimming is quite exhausting. It is quite exhausting to swim. 刮风了,下雨了。(零位主语) It is windy and rainy. Chinese vs. English Chinese: Topic-prominent language (话题占突显地位的语言) English: Subject-prominent language(主语占突显地位的语言) -- C. N. Li S. A. Thompson in 1970s English: Theme-Rheme主位:述位 (Mathesius) Theme is the primary element of a sentence; it is the subject being talked about and is known. Rheme is the core element of a sentence; it is something the speaker wants to say about the theme, or something related to the theme. Modern English sentences 83% -- 97% SVO (Jesperson) Theme = Psychological Subject Theme ≈ Subject Features of the Subject in English 1. There must always be a subject; 2. The subject is the theme of the sentence that the verb structure describes; 3. The subject has grammatical control; 4. The subject must be a noun or a noun structure. Chinese: Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sapir) Topic is the theme of a sentence. Comment is narration about the theme. Features of the Subject in Chinese 1. The subject is not essential; 2. The subject has no grammatical control over the whole sentence; 3. There can be more than one subject; 4. The subject can be a noun, verb, adjective or any such structures. Difficulties with Chinese Subjects (SVO?): 1)宾踞句首 2)主谓谓语句 3)宾踞动前 4)主状不分 ∴可以没有主语,也可以有多个主语,除名词以外,可以由动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,主谓结构担当主语。 Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent A subject-prominent language (eg. English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure. A topic-prominent language (eg. Chinese) is one in which the information units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentence. Examples Analysis 1)主语的增补(汉语无主语) 出太
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