TED演讲稿《敢于质疑》精简标注版BYJIM.doc

DARE TO DISAGREE by Margaret Heffernan The first story： ALICE AND GEORGR In Oxford in the 1950s, there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual, named Alice Stewart. And Alice was unusual partly because, of course, she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s. And she was brilliant, she was one of the, at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians. She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married, after she had kids, and even after she got divorced and was a single parent, she continued her medical work. And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science, the emerging field of epidemiology n. 流行病学；传染病学, the study of patterns in disease. But like every scientist, she appreciated that to make her mark, what she needed to do was find a hard problem and solve it. The hard problem that Alice chose was the rising incidence of childhood cancers. Most disease is correlated with poverty, but in the case of childhood cancers, the children who were dying seemed mostly to come from affluent adj. 富裕的 families. So, what, she wanted to know, could explain this anomaly n. 异常? Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research. In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds from the Lady Tata Memorial prize. And that meant she knew she only had one shot 一次使用 at collecting her data. Now, she had no idea what to look for. This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search当时很难得到大量数据来做研究, so she asked everything she could think of. Had the children eaten boiled sweets? Had they consumed colored drinks? Did they eat fish and chips? Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbingn. 铅工业；铅管品制造? What time of life had they started school? And when her carbon copied questionnaire 调查问卷 started to come back, one thing and one thing only jumped out with the statistical clarity of a kind that most scientists can only dream of. By a rate of two to one 三分之二, the children