英语与语言学教程必威体育精装版课件3---词汇.ppt

Chapter 3 Lexicon 1. What is word Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written 1.1 Three senses of “word”: A physically definable unit: Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks. Phonological and orthographic(书写上) Problem: When liaison and contracted forms occur 2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking Lexeme(词位): the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts Writewrite, writes, wrote, writing, written Fatfat, fatter, fattest 3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme Problem: free morphemes or words: black, bird, air, craft, town, hall 1.2 Identification of words 1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged chairman﹡manchair The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates. 3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. 1.3 Classification of words Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings. 2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quali